The temperature is too high, and the precipitation is “more north than south”.

01 autumn and winter technology
(1) Variety selection

According to the local climate, soil, soil fertility, planting system, production level and pests and diseases, with the goal of high yield, high quality, high efficiency and resistance, according to the “variety type and ecological region, the variety yield level matches the horizontal level. The principle of combining mid-late maturity with suitable sowing date, and cultivating variety resistance with meteorological and production conditions, do a good job in variety layout, and select varieties according to local conditions. In the Huanghuai and northern wheat producing areas, strong gluten, medium-strength gluten and medium-gluten varieties with high yield potential, strong comprehensive resistance (cold resistance, lodging resistance, disease resistance), good stability and good quality are selected. The varieties in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River use weak and medium-gluten varieties that are resistant to moisture, stains, disease resistance (focus on scab), anti-falling, cold-resistant, anti-shock germination and early maturity, and are moderate according to market demand. Expanding the planting area of spring-strong medium-strength varieties; the southwest wheat production area will focus on the promotion of varieties resistant to stripe rust, fertilizer-resistant, and high-yield, and plant special wheat varieties such as winemaking and puffing according to the needs of processing enterprises; Choose high-yield, high-quality, drought-resistant, anti-cold spring, comprehensive disease resistance.

(2) Preparation before the broadcast

First, it is timely. The dry and sloping wheat production area should harvest the sorghum in time to ensure that the wheat is planted in a timely manner. Rice paddy wheat production areas should do everything possible to reduce the area of late sowing, especially late planting. Rice should be well drained, pay attention to control the final watering time, create good lyrical conditions for wheat tillage, and harvest in time to prevent Excessive "aged rice". Family farms and large farming households are subject to drying or drying conditions, often affecting normal harvesting and sowing, and speeding up harvesting and planting. Based on the anti-disaster sowing, early response to drought or continuous rain during the autumn broadcast.

The second is seed treatment. In order to prevent and control wheat sheath blight, total rot disease, stem rot, root rot and other pests and diseases, we should promote the application of seed treatment, especially seed coating technology, adapt to local conditions, scientifically select medicines, and reduce "white" as much as possible. Seed" down to the ground. For a variety of pests and mixed re-emergence areas, it is necessary to rationally formulate a mixture of fungicides and insecticides, and mix and dress the seeds to play the role of "mixing and multi-effect". For pharmaceutical coating, seed dressing and soil treatment, it must be carried out in strict accordance with the safe use of pesticides, or under the guidance of professionals to prevent phytotoxicity or human and animal safety accidents. Give full play to the role of the specialized organization of plant protection services, and expand the area of specialization and control.

(3) Fine land preparation

Fine land preparation includes deep tillage (pine), less tillage and no-tillage, sputum suppression, straw returning and so on. We will focus on high-quality, standardized ploughing and land-removing technologies with deep cultivation (slow), straw returning, and repression as the main contents, comprehensively improve the quality of land preparation, and lay a good foundation for wheat sowing.

The first is deep ploughing (pine). Drought-wheat wheat will increase the promotion of mechanized deep-plowing (pine) technology. For the continuous rotation of 2-3 years of wheat field, we will strive to deep-plow or deep-slow once, and the depth of ploughing should be 25-35 cm. If the first two years of deep tillage or deep loosening, only rotary tillage; for the rotary tillage of the wheat field, must be rotted twice after the suppression of compaction, the depth of rotary tillage should reach 15 cm or more. Rice bran wheat is promoted by deep tillage or deep rotation to improve the quality of straw returning.

The second is the return of straw to the field. Straw returning to the field should be "crushed and sprinkled, grass and soil mixed, cracked and compacted." Corn and rice harvesting machinery should be widely chopped and evenly spread. The length of the grass is controlled at 5-8 cm, the height of the stubble is less than 10 cm, and evenly spread. If the shaving is not in place, it must be artificially assisted to spread evenly; if harvested, straw Unsmashed or the length of straw chopping is too long or the height of stubble is too high. After harvesting, it should be crushed by special straw crusher. The straw crusher should run at a constant speed. The crushing knife should be close to the ground to ensure that the stubble and straw are crushed thoroughly and evenly distributed. . Large and medium-sized tractors should be used for deep tillage or deep rotation to eliminate grass and return to the field. The depth of deep ploughing should be more than 25 cm, and the depth of deep burial should reach 12-15 cm. The grass and soil should be mixed to prevent straw from being concentrated in the seeding layer. In the southwestern region, artificial grass cover technology can be promoted, and seeds can be spread on the surface of the soil with a simple planter, and the straw can be artificially covered, and the straw can be stalked or chopped. In the northwest region, straw strip cover technology should be promoted according to local conditions.

The third is appropriate suppression. Regardless of the deep ploughing or deep-spinning plots, it is necessary to suppress the compaction and solid soil according to the soil moisture, especially the straw returning land. When the sensation is appropriate, it can be suppressed before and after sowing. When the soil is too wet, the suppression time should be postponed.

(4) Precision seeding

According to the climate characteristics during the autumn sowing period, the breeding of pre-winter strong seedlings is the standard, the sowing date is strictly grasped, and the sowing amount is scientifically determined, so that appropriate seeding can be carried out in a suitable period.

One is suitable for sowing. The suitable moisture content of the plough layer when the wheat is planted is 70%-75% of the relative water content of the soil. If the sensation is appropriate, it can be planted directly on the ground; if the sensation is insufficient, the rumor will be made in advance, so that the seedlings can be planted to ensure that the seedlings are fully seeded; in dry land, the seedlings should be planted; in case of rainy weather, the water in the field should be removed in time to dry. Hey. The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the southwestern wheat production areas should also pay attention to drainage and waterlogging, and strive to plant wheat.

The second is to plant at the right time. From the sowing to the winter, the temperature above 0 °C is preferably 550-650 °C, and the suitable sowing date is determined according to the variety, type, weather and weather. Generally, the suitable sowing date in the northern, northern and northwest wheat producing areas of Huanghuai is in the middle of October. The suitable sowing period in the southern Huanghuai production area is in the middle and late October. The southwest production area is suitable for the sowing period in the middle and late October, and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The area is suitable for sowing from late October to early November.

The third is the right amount of sowing. According to the locality, the species, and the sowing date, the amount is determined by classification. Generally, the basic seedlings per mu in high-yield fields are 100,000 to 200,000, and the middle-field is 15 to 250,000. The late-sown wheat field should be appropriately increased in the amount of sowing, so that the sowing amount can be combined.

The fourth is to plant deep. Adhere to the principle of “suitable for appropriate shallow sowing, lack of proper and deep sowing”, ensure the depth of wheat sowing according to conditions such as sputum and lyrics, prevent excessive sowing or dew seeds, and affect germination and seedling growth. Under suitable conditions, wheat in the dry land of Huanghuai, North and Northwest China may be slightly deeper, generally 3-5 cm; the rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the southwest wheat production area are slightly shallower, generally 2-3 cm.

The fifth is to concentrate the seeding. Vigorously promote high-quality mechanized sowing techniques such as semi-precision sowing, wide-width seeding, multi-program double-operation, and fertilizer integration, so that the seeds are evenly distributed, and the phenomenon of lack of seedlings, ridges and seedlings is reduced, and the seedlings are fully protected. , Miaoyun, Miao Qi, Miao Zhuang.

Sixth is the suppression after the broadcast. Post-sowing suppression of wheat is an important measure for drought-resistance, anti-freezing and improving the quality of emergence, and cultivating strong seedlings before winter. When the straw is returned to the field and the wheat field is not sown, the wheat field can not be crushed at the time of sowing. Repression.

02 Winter field management technology
(1) Fertilizer operation

We will vigorously promote the soil testing and formula fertilization technology. According to the different yield levels and soil fertility levels, we should rationally apply fertilizers according to the principle of “maintenance of nitrogen fertilizer, regulation by stages, and supplementation of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers according to soil abundance and quantity”.

One is to apply enough base fertilizer. It is required to apply sufficient base fertilizer. Generally, the nitrogen applied by the base should account for 50%-60% of the total nitrogen application rate during the whole growth period, and phosphorus and potassium should be 50%-100%, due to the adjustment of the area and the local area. Advocate the application of organic fertilizers, biological fertilizers, etc., to expand the proportion of slow release fertilizers, special compound fertilizers.

The second is to supplement the seedling fertilizer early (sub-fertilizer). For the field with less basic seedlings and insufficient application of base fertilizer, the seedling fertilizer should be replenished in time around the 2 leaf stage of wheat. If the base fertilizer and the seedling fertilizer are insufficient, the strong fertilizer is applied in the 3-4 leaf stage of the main stem (the total number of leaves of the main stem is 11 leaves and below) or the 4-5 leaf stage (the total number of leaves of the main stem is 12 leaves and above). . In the conditioned areas, mud, ash and other organic fertilizers can be used to cultivate roots before winter and during winter, to keep warm and freeze, and to fertilize the soil. Wheat fields with large amounts of straw returning, such as wheat seedlings, are severely affected, and compound fertilizer or quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer should be applied as soon as possible to transform seedlings.

(2) Scientific management of water

First, the winter water is poured in due course. In the wheat-producing areas of Huanghuai, North, Northwest and other wheat producing areas, the wheat fields and straw returning, rotary tillage, and soil-scarred wheat fields should be timely poured over the winter water, and the technology of measuring and filling irrigation should be promoted to ensure the safe wintering of seedlings. The over-watering of the winter water is generally from the end of November to the beginning of December, when the daily average temperature is stable at 3-4 °C, and the water can be infiltrated in time, and it is completed when the night is frozen. Advocate water-saving irrigation, prohibit flooding of large water, timely slash after irrigation, loosen soil to prevent smashing, prevent surface cracking, and avoid blasting roots and dead seedlings. At the beginning of December, the average soil water content of the 0-40 cm soil layer in the wheat field is 70% or higher, which is suitable for soil moisture. At the same time, the soil quality is high, the bottom fertilizer is sufficient, the growth is normal, and the group is suitable for the wheat field. For wheat fields without watering conditions, it is necessary to timely ensure the protection after each rain.

The second is to ditch and prevent stains. In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the southwest wheat production area, the machinery is ditched in time, and a vertical ditch is excavated every 2.5-3 m. The ditch is 20 cm wide and the ditch is 25-30 cm deep. A horizontal groove is dug each of the two ends of the field at a distance of 2-3 meters. The longer field has a waist groove every 50 meters. The width of the groove is 20 cm and the depth of the groove is 35-40 cm. The Tiantou water drain requires a width of 25 cm and a depth of 40-50 cm. To ensure that the "three ditch" inside and outside is connected, pay attention to evenly spread the ditch mud, cover the wheat ridge, reduce the dew seed, and prevent frost and seedling.

(3) Prevention and control of pests and diseases

The first is the spring grass autumn rule. According to the grass phase, grass age, lyrics and other suitable use of suitable chemicals, focus on the chemical weeding before winter, to block the combination, mainly to seal, in the case of suitable conditions, before the sowing, the soil closed chemical weeding. For wheat fields that are not closed or have poor effect, choose cold-headed warm heads before the winter, and spray the daily sun with a daily average temperature of 8 °C or above. Pay attention to safe medication to prevent freezing damage and phytotoxicity.

The second is to control pests and diseases. Dryland wheat and some rice bran wheat fields should strengthen the prevention and control of underground pests. Pay attention to strengthen the monitoring of stripe rust, sheath blight, aphids, etc. before winter, and prevent and control in time.


Key areas and prevention and control objects

Huanghuaihai wheat area: mainly sheath blight, root rot, total etch, smut, cyst nematode, yellow mosaic disease, underground pests and weeds, and cure rust, powdery mildew, mites and ash Flying insects and other pests and diseases.

The wheat area in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River: mainly scab, sheath blight, total eclipse, smut, and the harm of underground pests and mites, gray planthopper and powdery mildew.

Southwest wheat area: mainly wheat stripe rust, taking into account pests such as powdery mildew, wheat stubble, wheat spiders and underground pests.

Northwest wheat area: wheat stripe rust, powdery mildew, smut and underground pests are the main control targets, and Xinjiang and other places must treat diseases such as snow rot and leaf blight. (Agricultural and Rural Department Plantation Management Department National Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center)

(4) Repression before winter

The straw is returned to the field and the wheat field is not smashed in the wheat field. When the winter is suitable, the suitable pressure can be used to suppress the 1-2 times according to the seedling condition, which is conducive to water retention and protection, promote the strong seedling before winter, and increase the proportion of strong seedlings. . In particular, more attention needs to be paid when the soil is dry.

03 Winter Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Technology
(1) Drought-resistant sorghum sowing

In the wheat-producing areas such as Huanghuai, North and Northwest, if the soil is dry during the autumn sowing period, in the suitable sowing period of wheat, it should be done in advance according to the principle of “should be suitable for late sowing, but also to make the bottom of the foot”. The next species, to ensure that the whole seedlings are broadcast. For some plots where the drought is heavier and the planting is late, you can also plant the seeds first, then pour the head water, promote the emergence of seedlings, and timely plan the soil to break the soil compaction.

(2) Late sowing strain sowing

Drought and sorghum and rice bran wheat will be spread later than the appropriate period, and the “four supplements and one promotion” measures for disaster prevention and production increase can be promoted. First, choose good varieties to make up for the night. When the sowing date exceeds the appropriate period, the appropriate high-yield varieties of early maturity should be used. The second is to improve the quality, so as to make up for the night. In the work of improving the quality of the land preparation and sowing, we will use the measures of fine land preparation, under-planting, proper sowing, soaking and germination to lay the foundation for planting. The third is to increase the amount of broadcast to cover the night. Usually beyond the expiration date, the basic seedlings increase by about 0.5 million for each day of planting, but the maximum number of basic seedlings should not exceed 80% of the expected number of spikes. The fourth is to apply fertilizer, to make up for the night. Balanced fertilization of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium promotes tillering and root development of wheat, and increases tillering rate. The fifth is scientific management, which promotes the growth of seedlings into more ears. Grasping the management of fertilizer and water during the period of uplifting and jointing, promoting weakening and strengthening.

(3) Strong seedlings to prevent freezing damage

Pay close attention to the weather changes in time, before the low temperature comes, for the early sowing, the group is too large, the wild wheat field, adhere to the control (fertilizer water measures) to promote (miao situation conversion) combination, take repression, deep ploughing, irrigation winter water, spray chemical adjustment Technical measures such as substances, control and strengthen, improve the cold resistance of plants, and ensure that wheat is safe for winter.

(4) Southern waterlogging

The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the southwestern wheat production area timely clear the ditch and dredge the irrigation and drainage system to prevent waterlogging. If the lyrics are insufficient after sowing, the seedling water should be filled in time to promote timely emergence of the seedlings, and attention should not be made to flood the plants to prevent rotten buds and buds.